Unity and upheaval: the story of the Almohads

Emerging from the shadows of the Almoravids, the Almohads burst onto the scene in the 12th century, painting their own vibrant chapter on the canvas of North African and Iberian history. Their story is one of fervent religious passion, ambitious territorial expansion, and ultimately, a bittersweet legacy defined by both architectural marvels and brutal conflicts.

The movement's spark was ignited by Ibn Tumart, a Berber theologian who preached a strict interpretation of Islam, focusing on monotheism and rejecting perceived impurities in existing interpretations. He declared himself the Mahdi, a messianic figure, and rallied followers under the banner of "al-Muwaḥḥidūn," meaning "those who profess the unity of God."

Ibn Tumart's followers, known as the Almohads, quickly gained momentum. By 1147, they had toppled the Almoravids and laid claim to their vast empire, stretching from Marrakech to Cordoba. Under the leadership of Abd al-Mu'min, the Almohads embarked on a period of territorial expansion, uniting North Africa and most of Al-Andalus under their rule.

The Almohads imposed their strict religious beliefs on their newly acquired territories. They destroyed Almoravid architecture deemed too ostentatious and promoted their own austere style, characterized by geometric patterns and brickwork. Their centralized administration brought a semblance of stability to a region previously fragmented by warring factions.

While known for their religious austerity, the Almohads also made significant contributions to intellectual and artistic pursuits. They established numerous madrasas (religious schools) that became centers of Islamic learning, attracting scholars from across the empire. Their architectural legacy lives on in iconic structures like the Koutoubia Mosque in Marrakech and the Giralda in Seville, both boasting soaring minarets and intricate decorative details.

Despite their initial successes, the Almohad empire ultimately succumbed to internal divisions and external pressures. The devastating Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 against Christian forces marked a turning point, weakening their hold on Al-Andalus. Internal rebellions further chipped away at their power, and by the late 13th century, the Almohad dynasty had faded into history.

Though short-lived, the Almohads left an enduring mark on the region. Their architecture continues to inspire awe, their religious reforms influenced future Islamic movements, and their efforts at unification left a lasting impact on the political landscape. They remain a vital chapter in the rich tapestry of North African and Iberian history, reminding us of the power of passion, the influence of religious fervor, and the impermanence of empires.